Malformação arteriovenosa uterina: um relato de caso / Uterine arteriovenous malformation: a case report

O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma paciente com malformação arteriovenosa uterina, efetivamente tratada com embolização seletiva e com fertilidade preservada. A malformação arteriovenosa uterina é uma alteração vascular rara até então pouco descrita na literatura. A paciente do sexo feminino apresentou quadro de sangramento uterino anormal, com início 30 dias após um abortamento, sem realização de curetagem, de uma gestação resultante de fertilização in vitro. Foram, então, realizados exames de imagem, que levaram ao diagnóstico de malformação arteriovenosa uterina. O tratamento de escolha foi a embolização arterial seletiva, com resolução do caso. Após sete meses, nova fertilização in vitro foi realizada, encontrando-se na 36a semana de gestação. São necessários mais estudos sobre essa malformação a fim de que sejam estabelecidos os métodos mais eficazes para o manejo de casos futuros, especialmente quando há desejo de gestar.

The present study aims to report the case of a patient with uterine arteriovenous malformation, effectively treated with selective embolization and with preserved fertility. Uterine arteriovenous malformation is a rare vascular disorder that has so far been rarely described in the literature. Female patient presented with abnormal uterine bleeding, starting 30 days after an abortion without subsequent curettage, of a pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization. Imaging tests were then performed that led to the diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous malformation. The treatment of choice was selective arterial embolization, with successful results. After seven months, a new in vitro fertilization was performed, being in the 36th week of pregnancy. Further studies on this pathology are needed in order to establish the most effective methods for the management of future cases, especially when there is a desire to become pregnant.

Efficacy of Embolization in Acquired Uterine Vascular Malformations: An Experience in Tertiary Care Centre in India / Eficácia da embolização em malformações vasculares uterinas adquiridas: uma experiência em centro de atendimento terciário na Índia

Abstract Objective: To determine the efficacy of Uterine Artery Embolization in patients with bleeding acquired uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods: A prospective review of all patients who underwent Uterine Artery Embolization at our institution between July 2015 and April 2022 was performed. 225 patients were diagnosed with a uterine vascular malformation on doppler and corresponding MRI imaging. All patients underwent transcatheter embolization of the uterine arteries. Embolic agents in the 375 procedures included Histoacryl glue only (n = 326), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and Histoacryl glue (n = 29), PVA particles (n = 5), Gelfoam (n = 5), coils (n = 4), PVA particles and coils (n = 3), Histoacryl glue and Gelfoam (n = 2), and Histoacryl glue and coils (n = 1). Results: A total of 375 embolization procedures were performed in 225 patients. 90 patients required repeat embolization for recurrence of bleeding. The technical success rate of embolization was 100%. The clinical success rate was 92%: bleeding was controlled in 222 of 225 patients and three patients underwent a hysterectomy. 60 of the 225 patients had uneventful intrauterine pregnancies carried to term. The 210 patients who underwent successful embolization had no recurrence of bleeding at a median follow-up of 53 months (range, 5-122 months) after treatment. 15 patients were eventually lost to follow-up. One minor complication (0.4%) of non-flow-limiting dissection of the internal iliac artery occurred. Conclusion: Uterine Artery Embolization is a safe, effective, minimally invasive method to treat uterine AVMs with long-term efficacy, which can provide the preservation of fertility.

Malformación arteriovenosa uterina como causa de hemorragia puerperal tardía / Uterine arteriovenous malformation as a cause of late puerperal hemorrhage

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las malformaciones arteriovenosas uterinas constituyen una causa infrecuente de hemorragia puerperal, en la bibliografía solo se encontraron 150 casos. Su conocimiento es importante porque son potencialmente mortales y porque se ha registrado un aumento en los últimos años. Suelen estar relacionadas con intervenciones en el útero: legrados, cesáreas o miomectomías o asociadas con neoplasias (enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional o adenocarcinoma endometrial), aunque otras son congénitas. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 32 años, con una conización cervical y ablación de un mioma uterino mediante radiofrecuencia como únicos antecedentes de interés. A los 15 días posteriores a un parto eutócico, que fue el primero en su historial, tuvo un episodio de abundante metrorragia. En el puerperio inmediato tuvo una hemorragia abundante que requirió la transfusión de dos concentrados de hematíes. En la ecografía transvaginal el útero se observó de 22 x 44 mm, que podría corresponder a un cotiledón retenido. Ante la persistencia del sangrado se colocó un taponamiento intracavitario con una sonda de Foley con lo que se consiguió el cese del sangrado. Luego de descartar la embolización de las arterias uterinas debido al gran tamaño de la malformación arteriovenosa, se procedió a la histerectomía total simple por vía laparotómica. CONCLUSIÓN: Las malformaciones arteriovenosas uterinas, aunque son una causa infrecuente de hemorragia puerperal, deben ser sospechadas en virtud de ser potencialmente mortales.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Uterine arteriovenous malformations are a rare cause of puerperal hemorrhage, with only 150 cases reported in the literature. Their knowledge is important because they are life-threatening and because there has been an increase in recent years. They are usually related to interventions in the uterus: curettage, caesarean section or myomectomy or associated with neoplasms (gestational trophoblastic disease or endometrial adenocarcinoma), although others are congenital. CLINICAL CASE: A 32-year-old patient with a cervical conization and ablation of a uterine myoma by radiofrequency as the only history of interest. Fifteen days after a euthecological delivery, which was the first in her history, she had an episode of abundant metrorrhagia. In the immediate postpartum period, she had a heavy hemorrhage that required the transfusion of two red blood cell concentrates. Transvaginal ultrasound showed a uterus measuring 22 x 44 mm, which could correspond to a retained cotyledon. In view of the persistent bleeding, intracavitary tamponade was placed with a Foley catheter, which led to cessation of bleeding. After ruling out embolization of the uterine arteries due to the large size of the arteriovenous malformation, a simple total hysterectomy by laparotomy was performed. CONCLUSION: Uterine arteriovenous malformations, although an infrequent cause of puerperal hemorrhage, should be suspected because they are potentially fatal.

Efficacy of transcatheter uterine artery embolization in scar pregnancy patients of different ages based on random walk model / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) in different ages treated by uterine artery embolization (UAE).Methods:120 patients with CSP admitted to Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2016 to July 2019 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into observation group (≤35 years, 75 cases) and control group (>35 years, 45 cases) according to age. Clinical data of all patients were collected and followed up for 6 months. The clinical observation indicators, surgical efficacy, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, ovarian recovery, postoperative complications and adverse reactions, and quality of life score at 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups. A random walk model was used to evaluate the improvement of ovarian function in the two groups.Results:In the observation group, the blood loss, operation time, postoperative β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) value, β-HCG value turning negative and menstrual recovery time were significantly less than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The total effective rate was above 90% in the two groups, and no significant difference was observed (96.00% vs 91.11%, P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in VAS score of the two groups before surgery, 48 h and 72 h after surgery (all P>0.05), and VAS score of the observation group at 12 h and 24 h after surgery were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05). The levels of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E 2), testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in observation group were better than those in control group after treatment (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary uterine clearance, massive bleeding, hysterectomy, incision infection, vaginal bleeding and vaginal hematoma between the two groups (all P>0.05), but the total incidence of complications in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group ( P<0.05). Diarrhea, fever, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and other adverse reactions were significantly improved after symptomatic treatment, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the quality of life score 6 months after surgery between the two groups ( P>0.05). The results of random walk model evaluation showed that the improvement coefficients of the observation group were 0.147 6, 0.135 9, 0.180 2 and 0.206 3, while those of the control group were 0.142 2, 0.098 9, 0.152 4 and 0.197 4, respectively. Conclusions:UAE treatment for CSP patients of different ages showed no significant difference in clinical efficacy, and postoperative complications were not easy to occur, and the prognosis was good.

Uterine artery embolization with highly compressible calibrated microspheres for the treatment of uterine fibroids / Embolização de miomas uterinos com microesferas calibradas de alta compressibilidade

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of using highly compressible calibrated microspheres in uterine artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective multicenter study. Thirty-two women with symptomatic uterine fibroids were selected for UAE between January 2019 and March 2020. The participants completed the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life (UFS-QOL) questionnaire, underwent contrast-enhanced pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and were submitted to anti-Müllerian hormone measurement, subsequently undergoing UAE with Embosoft microspheres. After six months, the patients again completed the UFS-QOL questionnaire and underwent pelvic MRI. Results: The most common symptoms were abnormal uterine bleeding (in 81.3% of the cases), pelvic pain (in 81.3%), and compression (in 46.9%). Of the 32 patients evaluated, 12 (37.5%) had anemia due to abnormal uterine bleeding. Thirty patients completed the study. Among those patients, we observed median reductions of 21.4% in uterine volume and 15.9% in dominant fibroid volume. We identified no adverse events that could be attributed to the material itself, although there were events attributed to the UAE procedure in general. Conclusion: For the treatment of uterine fibroids, UAE using Embosoft microspheres shows satisfactory results, providing reductions in uterine and dominant fibroid volumes, with a low rate of adverse events, and improving patient quality of life, as well as demonstrating safety and efficacy.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança da embolização da artéria uterina (EAU) com microesferas calibradas de alta compressibilidade no tratamento de miomas uterinos. Materiais e Métodos: Este foi um estudo prospectivo e multicêntrico. Foram selecionadas 32 mulheres com miomas uterinos sintomáticos para EAU de janeiro de 2019 a março de 2020. As participantes preencheram o questionário Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life (UFS-QOL), realizaram ressonância magnética (RM) pélvica com contraste e teste para medição dos hormônios antimüllerianos, seguido de embolização de miomas com microesferas Embosoft. Após seis meses, as pacientes novamente preencheram o UFS-QOL e realizaram RM pélvica. Resultados: Os sintomas mais relatados foram sangramento uterino anormal (81,3%), dor pélvica (81,3%) e compressão (46,9%). Doze pacientes (37,5%) apresentaram anemia consequente a sangramento uterino anormal. Nas 30 pacientes que completaram o estudo, observou-se redução mediana de 21,4% no volume uterino e 15,9% no volume do mioma dominante. Não foram identificados eventos adversos possivelmente relacionados ao material utilizado, apenas em relação ao procedimento de EAU. Conclusão: EAU com microesferas Embrosoft mostrou resultados satisfatórios no tratamento de miomas uterinos, com redução dos volumes uterino e do mioma dominante, baixa taxa de eventos adversos e melhora na qualidade de vida, demonstrando segurança e eficácia.

Clinical characteristics of 16 cases of acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation / 中国综合临床

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation (UAVM).Methods:The clinical data of 16 patients with diagnosis of UAVM from January 2014 to March 2021 in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University were enrolled in this retrospective study. The general data of patients were observed and analyzed: age, pregnancy and childbirth, etc. Auxiliary examinations: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), B-ultrasound, CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance (MRI), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), lesion diameter, resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), treatment and postoperative pathology.Result:Among the 16 patients, hCG was negative in 10 cases and positive in 6 cases. The first abnormal bleeding time was (43.4±36.4) days and (16.0±9.0) days, respectively. The rehospitalization time was (63.3±54.4) days and (48.3±54.0) days. Six patients with massive bleeding were HCG negative. Ultrasound in 16 cases showed mixed echo light mass with rich blood flow in the uterine cavity, and magnetic resonance examination in 14 cases also showed abnormal signals in the uterine cavity or uterine wall. Mass staining was seen in 6 cases by DSA, vein development in advance, contrast medium overflow was seen in 2 cases, and the conclusion of CTA was consistent with DSA in 5 cases. Uterine artery embolization was performed in 5 cases, including 2 cases of massive bleeding, emergency bilateral uterine artery embolization and 3 cases of preventive embolization. Hysteroscopy was performed in 4 cases after embolization, and balloon compression was performed in 1 case because there was no obvious tissue in the uterine cavity. Hysteroscopy were performed in 10 cases without UAE. Mifepristone combined with misoprostol was used in 1 case. Among the 15 patients treated by surgery, 14 cases showed degenerative trophoblasts or villi. During the follow-up, one patient after uterine artery embolization complained of decreased menstruation, and ultrasound considered the possibility of intrauterine adhesion.Conclusion:After termination of pregnancy, imaging examination should be strengthened to guard against the occurrence of UAVM. Once diagnosed, medical intervention should be started as soon as possible to reduce bleeding. There is no standardized treatment for UAVM related to pregnancy. Comprehensive consideration should be given to the clinical manifestations, bleeding situation, lesion location and fertility requirements of the patients.

Uterine rescue in high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treated with ema-co by uterine arteries embolization due to arteriovenous malformations / Resgate uterino em neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional de alto risco tratada com EMA-CO por embolização de artérias uterinas devido a malformações arteriovenosas

Abstract Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is a rare type of pregnancy, in which 15 to 20% of the cases may develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The diagnostic of GTN must be done as early as possible through weekly surveillance of serum hCG after uterine evacuation.We report the case of 23-year-old primigravida, with CHM but without surveillance of hCG after uterine evacuation. Two months later, the patient presented to the emergency with vaginal bleeding and was referred to the Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas do Hospital São Paulo. She was diagnosed with high risk GTN stage/score III:7 as per The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics/World Health Organization (FIGO/WHO). The sonographic examination revealed enlarged uterus with a heterogeneous mass constituted of multiple large vessels invading and causing disarrangement of the myometrium. The patient evolved with progressive worsening of vaginal bleeding after chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA-CO) regimen. She underwent blood transfusion and embolization of uterine arteries due to severe vaginal hemorrhage episodes, with complete control of bleeding. The hCG reached a negative value after the third cycle, and there was a complete regression of the anomalous vascularization of the uterus as well as full recovery of the uterine anatomy. The treatment in a reference center was essential for the appropriate management, especially regarding the uterine arteries embolization trough percutaneous femoral

Resumo Mola hidatiforme completa (MHC) é um tipo raro de gravidez, na qual 15 a 20% dos casos podem desenvolver neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional (NTG). O diagnóstico de NTG deve ser feito o mais cedo possível, pelo monitoramento semanal do hCG sérico após esvaziamento uterino. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente primigesta, de 23 anos de idade, com MHC, sem vigilância de hCG após esvaziamento uterino. Dois meses depois, a paciente compareceu na emergência com sangramento vaginal, sendo encaminhada ao Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas do Hospital São Paulo, onde foi diagnosticada com NTG de alto risco, estádio e score de risco III:7 de acordo com a The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Organização Mundial de Saúde (FIGO/OMS). O exame ultrassonográfico revelou útero aumentado com uma massa heterogênea constituída pormúltiplos vasos volumosos invadindo e desestruturando o miométrio. A paciente evoluiu com piora progressiva do sangramento vaginal após quimioterapia com o regime etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA-CO). Ela foi submetida a transfusão de sangue e embolização das artérias uterinas devido aos episódios graves de hemorragia vaginal, com completo controle do sangramento. O hCG atingiu valor negativo após o terceiro ciclo, havendo regressão completa da vascularização uterina anômala, assim como recuperação da anatomia uterina. O tratamento em um centro de referência permitiu o manejo adequado, principalmente no que se refere à embolização das artérias uterinas através da punção percutânea da artéria femoral, que foi crucial para evitar a histerectomia, permitindo a cura da NTG e a manutenção da vida reprodutiva.

Efficacy of fluoroscopy-guided superior hypogastric nerve block on pain degree after uterine artery embolization / 中华放射学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of superior hypogastric nerve block (SHNB) in relieving pelvic pain after uterine artery embolization (UAE).Methods:Totally 50 patients of UAE before the curettage of uterine incision pregnancy were selected in Affiliated Zhenjiang Fourth People′s Hospital,Jiangsu University from February 2019 to December 2020 and were randomly divided into SHNB group( n=22) and control group( n=28) using random number table. The SHNB group underwent fluoroscopy-guided SHNB before UAE, and the control group received dizocine 10 mg intramuscularly before embolization. Both groups were treated with curettage 24 h after UAE. The pain scores were evaluated by using a numerical rating scale (NRS) to compare the pain scores between the two groups atthe time period A1 (from the beginning of UAE to immediate postoperative period) and at the time period A2 (from leaving the interventional operating room to the time before curettage). Data was recorded and compared between the two groups at the time period from the beginning of UAE surgery to the time before curettage for the doses of opioids used.The differences inage and weight between the two groups were compared by independent sample t test, and the NRS score and morphine dose were compared by Mann-whitney U test. Results:All patients completed SHNB and UAE without serious complications.There was no significant difference in age and weight between the two groups ( P>0.05).The maximum pain scores in the SHNB group were lower than those in the control group at both the A1 and A2 time periods[0(0, 0.25) vs. 3.00 (2.00, 4.00), and 2.50 (0.75, 5.50) vs. 4.00 (3.25, 7.00); Z=-4.932, -2.351, P<0.05]. The equivalent dose of morphine required in the SHNB group was lower than that of the control group [0(0, 10.00) vs. 10.00 (5.00, 15.00)mg, Z=-2.247, P=0.025]. Conclusion:Fluoroscopic-guided SHNB is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive way to reduce pain and the opiate dose after UAE.

Efficacy of laparoscopic uterine curettage combined with uterine artery embolization in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy after type Ⅲ cesarean delivery / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of laparoscopic uterine curettage combined with uterine artery embolization in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) after type Ⅲ cesarean delivery.Methods:Sixty patients with type Ⅲ CSP who received treatment in Jinxiang Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical University from January 2017 to October 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo either laparoscopic uterine curettage alone (control group, n = 30) or laparoscopic uterine curettage combined with uterine artery embolization (observation group, n = 30). The amount of intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, surgical cure rate, time to beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) value returning to normal level, and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared. Results:The amount of intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was significantly less than that in the control group [(42.36 ± 15.03) mL vs. (119.52 ± 21.84) mL, t = 15.941, P < 0.05]. Length of hospital stay [(6.51 ± 2.21) days vs. (19.25 ± 3.43) days] and the time to β-HCG value returning to normal level [(16.25 ± 5.02) days vs. (28.02 ± 9.38) days] in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group ( t = 17.102, 6.060, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in surgical cure rate between the observation and control groups [96.67% (29/30) vs. 90.00% (27/30), χ2 = 0.268, P > 0.05]. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative fever [63.33% (19/30) vs. 56.67% (17/30)], pain [56.67% (17/30) vs. 46.67% (14/30)], infection [6.67% (2/30) vs. 10.00% (3/30)] and vaginal bleeding [6.67% (2/30) vs. 13.33% (4/30)] between the observation and control groups ( χ2 = 0.278, 0.601, 0.000, 0.185, all P > 0.05). Conclusion:Laparoscopic uterine curettage combined with uterine artery embolization for the treatment of type Ⅲ CSP is superior to laparoscopic uterine curettage alone in terms of intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, surgical cure rate, time to β-HCG value returning to normal level and safety. Therefore, the combined method is worthy of clinical application.

Surgical methods and clinical efficacy of different types of cesarean scar pregnancy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To compare surgical methods and clinical efficacy among different types of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).Methods:A total of 158 patients with CSP who received treatment in Yuncheng Central Hospital from January 2016 to June 2019 were included in this study. According to Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy (2016 version), type I CSP was found in 55 patients, type II in 86 patients and type III in 17 patients. These patients were divided into groups A (ultrasound-guided suction curettage), B (uterine artery chemoembolization + ultrasound-guided suction curettage) and C (laparoscopic scar pregnancy lesion resection + scar repair) according to different surgical methods. The amount of intraoperative blood loss, the difference in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) level between before and after surgery, the time to postoperative HCG level returning to normal level, menstruation recovery, and re-pregnancy were compared between groups.Results:The amount of intraoperative blood loss in the groups A, B and C was (43.33 ± 72.31) mL, (34.41 ± 17.16) mL, (65.71 ± 70.52) mL, respectively. There was significant difference between groups ( F = 8.51, P = 0.014]. The difference in HCG level between before and after surgery in groups A, B and C was (0.64 ± 0.18), (0.79 ± 0.10), (0.76 ± 0.19), respectively. There was significant difference in the difference in HCG level between groups ( F = 19.21, P < 0.001). There was significant difference in the incidence of postoperative menstrual volume reduction between group B and the other two groups ( χ2 = 6.73, P = 0.003). After surgery, intrauterine pregnancy occurred in 12 patients, including 8 patients in group A (type I CSP in 2 patients, type II CSP in 3 patients, type III CSP in 3 patients), 4 patients in group B (type I CSP in 3 patients, type II CSP in 1 patient). Finally, full-term fetus delivery by cesarean section was performed in 6 patients (4 patients in group A and 2 patients in group B). Conclusion:Uterine artery chemoembolization combined with uterine curettage had less blood loss, during surgery and leads to an obvious decrease in HCG level, but it can result in reduction of menstrual volume. Ultrasound-guided suction curettage is preferred for type I and type II CSP. Balloon compression can be used to stop bleeding if massive bleeding occurs. Laparoscopic scar pregnancy lesion resection plus scar repair is recommended for type III CSP.

Cervical heterotopic pregnancy: A case report / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Heterotopic pregnancies are rare and difficult to be diagnosed early. A patient with combined intrauterine pregnancy and cervical pregnancy was admitted in Qingdao Municipal Hospital in 2019. The patient complained of abnormal vaginal bleeding after menopause and was misdiagnosed as simple intrauterine pregnancy. She underwent artificial abortion and suffered intraoperative hemorrhage. To stop bleeding, she received the treatment of uterine artery embolization immediately. Afterwards, cervical residual pregnancy tissues started necrosis, blood β-human chorionic gonadotropin level and the cervix appearance gradually returned to normal. This report suggests that cervical heterotopic pregnancy inclines to be mis diagnosed. Correct diagnosis should be made as soon as possible. Selective uterine artery embolization is an effective measure to prevent and treat massive bleeding.

A study on diagnosis and management of arteriovenous malformation of uterus

Background: Arteriovenous malformation is abnormal connection between an organ’s arterial and venous circulation. In acquired AVM, history of uterine procedure seems inevitable. Their clinical feature is usually vaginal bleeding. It is diagnosed by 2-D ultrasonography combined with colour doppler. Most of the time they resolve spontaneously; however, if left untreated, uterine artery embolization or hysterectomy comes in hand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of TVUS and colour doppler in the diagnosis and follow-up of treated cases of uterine AVM. This study also aims to evaluate different modalities to manage uterine AVM.Methods: This was a retrospective study done at tertiary care centre from January 2018 to December 2019 to assess the presentation, treatment, and clinical pictures of patients with uterine AVM that were diagnosed with TVUS. Authors reviewed both (1) clinical data (2) ultrasound data of patients. The diagnostic criteria were “subjective” with a rich vascular network in the myometrium with the use of colour Doppler images and “objective” with a high PSV of 20 cm/sec in the vascular web.Results: Thirteen patients met the diagnostic criteria mentioned above. Out of that 100% presented with on and off bleeding per vaginum. Recent and remote history of uterine procedures were in found in 84.6% (n=11) of cases. UAE was done in 53.8% (n=7) cases. Thirty-three (33%) (n=5) cases spontaneously resolved when closely monitored with serial imaging and serum beta- HCG levels. Hysterectomy was needed in 7.4% (n=1) of patients of AVM.Conclusions: Uterine AVM occurred after unsuccessful pregnancies or uterine procedures. Triage of patients for expectant treatment, hormonal treatment vs intervention with uterine artery embolization based on their clinical status, which was supplemented by objective measurements of blood velocity measurement in the AVM, appears to be a good predictor of outcome.

Success of uterine artery embolization in the management of postabortal arteriovenous malformations

Background: Uterine artery arteriovenous malformations are an abnormal and non-functional connection between the uterine arteries and veins. It may be congenital or acquired. AVM can cause heavy menstrual bleeding and may have an impact on infertility. Uterine artery embolization is an alternate method to hysterectomy preserving the menstrual and reproductive function. Objectives of this study was to diagnose Arterio-venous malformations after abortions in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and treating these patients with UAE.Methods: The retrospective study of patients with postabortal arteriovenous malformations managed at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, during January 2012 to December 2018 was done. Inclusion criteria for this study post abortal heavy menstrual bleeding patients in reproductive age group diagnosed to be having AV malformations on CT angiography. Exclusion criteria for this study were H/O AUB prior to abortion, patients with fibroids, PID, endometriosis, adenomyosis, genital tract malignancies. Patients who do not have AV malformations on CT angiography.Results: This is a retrospective seven years study between January 2012 to December 2018 during which we received 23 patients who developed arterio-venous fistula following an abortion. The patients had heavy menstrual bleeding. All the patients had taken some hormonal treatment before reporting to us. All these patients underwent CT angiography. After that they all were subjected to UAE. All these patients were followed up to 6 months where they showed improvement in the symptoms.Conclusions: Acquired AVM is rare disorder following an abortion or a caesarean section. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common symptom often requiring hysterectomy but with the advent of uterine artery embolization by blocking the uterine artery we can conserve the uterus where a lady can have normal menstrual and reproductive functions.

Management of single submucosal fibroid in unmarried females with uterine artery embolization

Background: Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are the most common benign neoplasm of the female pelvis. The location of fibroids, whether submucosal, subserosal, pedunculated subserosal, intramural, or endocavitary, is important because signs and symptoms may be determined by location. Uterine artery embolization (UAE) for many patients is an effective alternative treatment to surgical therapy for fibroid tumors. It is a minimally invasive procedure, which allows for rapid recovery and return to normal activities. Objective of this study was to know the efficacy of minimally invasive technique UAE for reducing symptoms in sub-mucous uterine leiomyoma in unmarried females.Methods: This retrospective analysis was performed on 9 unmarried females with symptomatic single submucosal fibroid diagnosed on MRI with size range of 3.5 cms to 6.5 cms. They presented at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab in a period of 3 years from January 2016-December 2019. Inclusion criteria were unmarried females, single submucosal fibroid diagnosed on USG/MRI. Exclusion criteria was active infection, more than one fibroid in uterus, prior GnRH analogues treatment during the previous 3 months.Results: All patients presented with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and dysmenorrhea, lower abdomen pain was encountered in 3 patients and 2 patients had inter-menstrual bleeding. Recurrent, UTI was there in 1 patient and 1 patient had vaginal discharge. All fibroids belonged to stage 1 FIGO classification. UAE was done and patients were followed for 6 months. Symptomatic success was seen in 100% patients and 77.77% patients expelled the fibroid per vaginally.Conclusions: UAE is alternative method of treatment for submucosal fibroids in unmarried females who do not want to undergo surgery. Proper case selection can give us good results and symptomatic relief.

Fistulectomía vaginal exitosa en un caso de fístula vesicovaginal obstétrica por embolización de arterias uterinas / Successful vaginal fistulectomy in a case of obstetric vesicovaginal fistula due to uterine artery embolization

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las fístulas genitourinarias obstétricas se forman como consecuencia de una complicación de la embolización de las arterias uterinas debida a necrosis del útero o de la vejiga. El tratamiento quirúrgico vaginal es una opción menos invasiva, con tasas de éxito que alcanzan 84.12%. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 40 años, con 35.7 semanas de embarazo y acretismo placentario, tratado con embolización de las arterias uterinas e histerectomía obstétrica posterior a la cesárea. A las 3 semanas tuvo pérdida vaginal de orina. En la exploración física, y con apoyo de la prueba de colorantes, cistoscopia y cistografía retrógrada se diagnosticó fístula vesicovaginal obstétrica. Posterior a la disminución del proceso inflamatorio se efectuó la fistulectomía vaginal, con modificación de la técnica de Latzko. La evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria, sin recurrencia de la fístula durante el seguimiento en la consulta externa. CONCLUSIÓN: Éste, es el quinto caso de fístula por necrosis vesical postembolización reportado en la bibliografía. La favorable atención del caso permitió concluir que la fistulectomía vaginal es una alternativa viable y segura de tratamiento quirúrgico de este tipo de fístulas obstétricas.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Obstetric genitourinary fistulas can cause as a complication of uterine artery embolization due to necrosis of the uterus and/or bladder. Vaginal surgical treatment is a less invasive option with success rates of up to 84.12%. CLINICAL CASE: A 40-year-old woman who came with a pregnancy of 35 5/7 weeks and placenta accreta, which was managed with uterine arteries embolization and obstetric hysterectomy after caesarean section. At 3 weeks she had vaginal urine loss; by physical examination and with support of dye test, cystoscopy and retrograde cystography, obstetric vesicovaginal fistula was diagnosed. After the improvement of the inflammatory process, vaginal fistulectomy was performed with modification of the Latzko technique. Its postoperative evolution was satisfactory and without recurrence of the fistula during the follow-up in the outpatient clinic. CONCLUSION: This is the fifth case of post-embolization bladder necrosis reported in the literature. The favorable resolution of this case allows us to conclude that vaginal fistulectomy is a viable and safe alternative in the surgical treatment of this type of obstetric fistulas.

Dehiscencia de cistorrafia en pacientes con embolización de arterias uterinas por acretismo placentario: reporte de dos casos / Cistorraphy dehiscence in patients with uterine arteries embolization due to placentary acretism: report of two cases

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: La incidencia de percretismo varía de 5-7% y de ésta, 78% corresponde a complicaciones relacionadas con la cirugía. Hasta la fecha existen pocos casos reportados de dehiscencia de cistorrafia posterior a la embolización de arterias uterinas. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Caso 1. Paciente de 34 años, con embarazo de 36 semanas y diagnóstico de acretismo placentario. El tratamiento consistió en embolización de arterias uterinas e histerectomía subtotal, con lesión vesical reparada sin complicaciones. Dos semanas después del alta hospitalaria acudió a consulta por pérdida de orina y fiebre (pielonefritis aguda); se estableció el diagnóstico de dehiscencia de cistorrafia por tomografía y cistografía retrógrada. Se realizó cateterización ureteral bilateral, laparotomía exploradora con traquelectomía, resección de los bordes necróticos vesicales y cistorrafia. Caso 2. Paciente de 30 años, con embarazo de 37 semanas y acretismo placentario; se aplicó tratamiento similar al caso 1, del que devino una lesión vesical reparada sin complicaciones. Durante la hospitalización permaneció en vigilancia por hemorragia obstétrica e infección urinaria con mala evolución; dos semanas después tuvo pérdida de orina, por lo que se efectuaron: cistoscopia, tomografía y cistografía retrógrada. Se estableció el diagnóstico de dehiscencia de cistorrafia. Durante la cirugía se localizó el defecto por cistoscopia e histeroscopia, se cateterizaron los uréteres de ambos lados; posteriormente, mediante acceso laparoscópico, se resecaron los bordes vesicales necróticos y se complementó con cistorrafia. Ambas pacientes evolucionaron sin complicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La dehiscencia de cistorrafia en pacientes con embolización de arterias uterinas es una complicación excepcional. La sospecha diagnóstica y el tratamiento oportunos, con resección de los bordes necróticos y cistorrafia, se asocian con mayor tasa de éxito.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of percretism is 5-7% with 78% of complications associated with surgical management. There are few reported cases of cystorraphy dehiscence after uterine arteries embolization. CLINICAL CASES: Case 1. A 34 years old patient with a pregnancy of 36 5/7 weeks and acretism; she was treated with uterine artery embolization plus subtotal hysterectomy with bladder injury repaired without complications. She was discharged, and in 2 weeks she consulted for vaginal urine loss and fever (acute pyelonephritis); cystorraphy dehiscence was diagnosed with support of tomography and retrograde cystography. Bilateral ureteral catheterization, laparotomy with trachelectomy plus resection of bladder necrotic edges and cystorraphy were performed. Case 2. A 30 years old patient with a pregnancy of 37 5/7 weeks and acretism; equal treatment of acretism was given with bladder injury repaired without complications. She was hospitalized in surveillance for obstetric haemorrhage and urinary infection with torpid evolution; she referred vaginal urine loss at 2 weeks, so cystoscopy, tomography and retrograde cystography were performed which diagnosed cystorraphy dehiscence. In surgery the bladder defect was located by cystoscopy and hysteroscopy and bilateral ureters were catheterized; subsequently, by laparoscopic approach necrotic bladder edges were resected and cystorraphy was performed. Both patients without complications and with successful postoperative evolution. CONCLUSION: Cystorraphy dehiscence in embolized patients is extremely rare; however, it should be considered as a possible complication. Diagnostic suspicion and timely management with resection of necrosis and new cystorraphy, achieve greater success.

Tratamento endovascular da miomatose uterina: uma revisão sistemática / Endovascular treatment of uterine myomatosis: a systematic review

Resumo A embolização da artéria uterina (EAU) é um tratamento pouco invasivo e alternativo à cirurgia aberta no tratamento de miomatose uterina. Este estudo visa analisar a eficácia e a segurança da EAU nesses casos. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática a partir de estudos disponíveis nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS e PEDro, via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram encontrados 817 trabalhos; destes, 7 foram selecionados pelos critérios de elegibilidade (estudos analíticos, de corte longitudinal, retrospectivos ou prospectivos), totalizando 367 pacientes no estudo. As variáveis estudadas, bem como as características dos estudos incluídos, foram coletadas e armazenadas em um banco de dados. As taxas de redução do volume uterino e do mioma dominante foram 44,1% e 56,3%, respectivamente. A média do infarto completo do mioma dominante foi de 88,6% (82-100%). Quanto às complicações, a média obtida foi de 15±8,6 casos, sendo a maioria destas classificadas como menores, e nenhum óbito foi registrado. A média de reabordagem em valores absolutos foi de 12,2±15,5 casos. Portanto, a embolização da artéria uterina é um procedimento eficaz e com baixa taxa de complicações para o tratamento da leiomiomatose uterina na literatura analisada.

Abstract Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE) is a noninvasive alternative to open surgery for treatment of uterine myomatosis. This study aims to analyze the efficacy and safety of UAE in these cases. A systematic review was carried out of studies available on the Medline (via PubMed) and the LILACS and PEDro (via the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) databases. The searches found 817 studies, 7 of which were selected according to the eligibility criteria (analytical, longitudinal, retrospective, or prospective studies), with a total of 367 patients studied. The variables analyzed and the characteristics of the studies included were collated and input to a database. Rates of volume reduction of the uterus and the dominant myoma were 44.1% and 56.3%, respectively. Mean rate of complete infarction of the dominant myoma was 88.6% (82-100%). The mean number of complications observed was 15±8.6 cases, most of which were classified as minor, and no deaths were recorded. The mean number of re-interventions in absolute values was 12.2±15.5 cases. Therefore, in the literature analyzed, uterine artery embolization is an effective procedure with a low rate of complications for treatment of uterine leiomyomatosis.

Clinical analysis of uterine arterial embolization combined with hysteroscopy in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of uterine arterial embolization combined with hysteroscopy in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy.@*Methods@#From September 2016 to March 2018, 68 patients with cesarean scar pregnancy in the People's Hospital of He'nan Province were collected.According to different treatment methods, the patients were divided into observation group and control group.The observation group (42 cases) firstly received bilateral uterine artery embolization, then hysteroscopy pregnancy lesion was resected after 2-3 days.The control group (26 cases) directly received hysteroscopy endoscopic pregnancy lesion resection.@*Results@#There were 42 cases in the observation group, 2 cases(all of them III type)failed, of which 1 case was treated with laparoscopy, and 1 case was converted to transvaginal focus clearance.In the control group, 26 cases of cesarean scar pregnancy were treated directly by hysteroscopy, and 6 cases were failed(1 case of type I, 4 cases of type II, 1 case of type III), among which 3 cases were treated with uterine artery embolization.Then hysteroscopic surgery was performed in 2 cases, combined with laparoscopy for pregnancy focus debridement.One case of severe hemorrhage occurred in III type operation, which was immediately converted to open operation.The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, surgical success rate, length of hospital stay, blood β-HCG return to normal time, menstrual recovery time, postoperative vaginal bleeding, postoperative vaginal bleeding time in the observation group were (17.09±3.62)min, (32.6±5.6)mL, 95.2%(40/42), (4.76±1.63)d, (18.00±6.62)d, (30.28±4.23)d, (32.75±8.32)mL, (3.26±1.06)d, respectively, which in the control group were (49.51±3.41)min, (60.3±13.6)mL, 76.9%(20/26), (7.23±1.96)d, (22.00±6.91)d, (36.41±7.62)d, (46.23±11.73)mL, (6.42±2.45)d, respectively, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(t=36.68, 14.09, χ2=5.189, t=5.62, 2.30, 4.27, 5.54, 7.35, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Bilateral uterine artery embolization combined with hysteroscopy in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy has some advantages including high successful rate, short operation time, less bleeding, hospitalization time and postoperative recovery, etc.It is a safe and effective treatment especially for type I and type II scar pregnancy.

Evaluation of prognostic value of cesarean section scar pregnancy after uterine arterial chemoembolization with cesarean section by ultrasonography / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To assess the clinical value of uterine curettage ultrasound in the evaluation of cesarean section scar pregnancy (CSP) after uterine arterial chemoembolization (UAE).@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis were performed in 42 patients who took uterine curettage within 24-48 hours after UAE treatment in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2015 to June 2018. The ultrasonic manifestations were graded and classified before UAE. The intraoperative and postoperative complications, time of β-human chorionic gonadotrophin declined to normal limits were evaluated, and the formation of hematoma and hematoma absorption time were followed up by ultrasound.@*Results@#UAE was performed successfully in all patients. The ultrasound-guided scar pregnancy was successfully completed. The uterus was successfully retained in all patients.Among the 42 patients, 18 cases were 3 scores group, and 24 cases were 4 scores group according to the ultrasonic scoring system. Two cases were type Ⅰgroup, 25 cases were type Ⅱ group, and 15 cases were type Ⅲ group according to the ultrasonic classification. The amount of intraoperative complications, postoperative mass formation and absorption time were significantly different between 3 scores group and 4 scores group (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, postoperative mass formation and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) value among different ultrasonic classification groups (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Ultrasonography has clinical application value in evaluating the prognosis of CSP treated with UAE. Ultrasonic scoring system can evaluate the efficacy and is helpful for predicting clinical outcome of CSP.

Repeated broad ligament hematomas managed by uterine artery embolization: time to execute

Selective arterial embolization (SAE) of the uterine arteries is an alternative to surgery when medical management fails in cases of intractable posrtpartum haemorrhage. It is highly efficacious with low complication rate. Here we report a case of repeated broad ligament haematoma managed by selective uterine artery embolization. Present case 28year old P4L4 was referred from a district hospital as post LSCS case with broad ligament haematoma. Patients general condition was very poor at the time of admission. She underwent laparotomy twice and finally uterine artery embolization for repeated broad ligament haematoma and responded. Massive obstetric haemorrhage remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The threshold for uterine artery embolization (UAE) in women with obstetric haemorrhage should be low, as it is coupled with a high clinical effectiveness rate, low complication rate and preservation of fertility. However, it requires an infrastructure, multidisciplinary approach, as well as speedy and effective interaction between various specialties.